在娄底使用PHP程序实现高效的数据库操作，你可以遵循以下最佳实践：

1. **使用PDO (PHP Data Objects) 或MySQLi**：
- 避免使用过时的`mysql`扩展，因为它不安全且不支持 prepared statements。
- PDO 和 MySQLi 提供了更好的安全性和性能，并且支持 prepared statements，可以防止SQL注入。

2. **使用预处理语句 (Prepared Statements)**:
- 预处理语句可以提高代码的可读性和安全性，同时减少潜在的SQL注入风险。
- 使用`bindParam()`或`bindValue()`来绑定参数，这样可以提高执行速度，因为SQL语句已经预编译。

3. **优化数据库结构**：
- 确保表和索引的设计合理，以提高查询效率。
- 使用`EXPLAIN`来分析查询性能，并优化慢查询。

4. **使用索引**：
- 在经常查询的列上创建索引，以加快数据检索速度。
- 避免在WHERE子句中使用不会被索引的函数或操作符，如`LIKE`、`NOT`、`OR`等。

5. **使用缓存**：
- 使用内存缓存（如Redis、Memcached）或文件缓存来缓存经常访问的数据和查询结果。
- 使用APC、OPcache等PHP缓存扩展来缓存编译后的PHP代码，以减少解析时间。

6. **避免不必要的查询**：
- 使用`JOIN`来代替多个单独的查询。
- 使用`SELECT *`，而是明确指定需要的列，以减少数据传输量。

7. **使用数据库特有的功能**：
- 利用数据库的特性，如MySQL的````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````